自我控制是个体抑制和调节自身冲动的能力,也是儿童社会化过程中的重要内容。心理学关于儿童自我控制的研究主要分为三方面,一是对自我控制发生发展特征的探讨,如考普(Kopp C B)对个体自我控制发展阶段的划分;二是关于自我控制相关因素的讨论,将自控作为一种个体特征探讨其与其他生理、心理和社会变量的关系,如班杜拉对惩罚与榜样等的研究;三是关于自我控制内部机制的探讨,将自我控制作为一个心理过程考察其发生和展开的内部呈现过程,如班杜拉等提出的自我控制结构模型。在上述研究中,关于个体自我控制发展特点和相关因素的研究是比较丰富的,并且取得了大量有价值的结论,但对自我控制心理机制的探讨却由于各研究者对于自我控制的理解各不相同而处于支离破碎的状态[1]。事实上,对自我控制内部机制的探讨应该在研究中居于核心地位,因为机制本身的明了可以使人们从更细微的层面上把握各种影响因素产生作用的方式,从而能够更精确地描述个体自我控制的发展和变化。因此,将有关自我控制心理机制的大量研究进行梳理和澄清是必要的。
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